望谟县特大山洪泥石流灾后重建分区与功能定位

贵州省黔西南自治州望谟县灾后重建关系到灾区群众的切身利益和长远发展,必须全面贯彻落实科学发展观,坚持以人为本,尊重自然,科学规划,合理布局,要立足灾区实际,做好重建分区与功能定位.在灾区范围内根据流域的生态环境背景,通过对其资源环境承载能力进行综合评价,充分考虑其国土开发强度、产业发展方向以及人口集聚和城镇建设的适宜程度,对其指标体系进行分层聚类,以定量为主,定性为辅进行生态环境建设分区,同时兼顾行政单元的完整性,将灾区范围国土空间分为生态保护区(面积376.07 km2)、适度重建区(面积716.06 km2)、适宜发展区(面积407.47 km2),分析其功能定位,使管制原则与城镇建设更趋于合理,为灾后重建的规划布局工作提供理论支撑.     

高寒高海拔山原区沟谷型泥石流成因与特征——以四川省雅江县祝桑景区为例

高寒高海拔山原地区沟谷型泥石流与深切峡谷地区泥石流具有较大差异性.以四川省雅江县祝桑景区泥石流为例,通过实地调查、测绘和泥石流堆积物样品颗粒分析,探讨了高寒高海拔山原地区沟谷型泥石流的成因和特征.研究表明:(1)强日照,大温差等气候条件导致高寒高海拔山原区物理风化作用强烈,土体松散,斜坡稳定性差,物源丰富,对泥石流的形成起到了重要的作用;(2)滑坡转化和沟底侵蚀构成物源补给与泥石流启动的主要方式;(3)泥石流动力条件相对较弱;(4)沟床纵坡曲线总体呈现出上游平缓,中游较陡,而下游至沟口进一步变陡的折线形态,汇水区和形成区分界明显,沟口至主河段平缓,堆积区较长;(5)泥石流堆积物粒度分布相对均匀.     

神府—东胜矿区人为泥石流的系统控制研究

在神府－东胜矿区人为泥石流沟道广泛野外调查的基础上,根据人为泥石流的特点及其发生发展过程的动态机理,应用多层次系统控制原理,分别提出了现有人为泥石流及潜在人为泥石流系统防治模式,总结出神府－东胜矿区人为泥石流系统防治的特殊性,控制固体物质补给是关键合理设计规划弃土石渣的排放场地是重点,搞好汇水区水土保持系统工程是基础,调整沟床比降,减少水流动能,使泥石流暴发减少到最低程度。     

Conserving ground-dwelling beetles in an endangered woodland community: Multi-scale habitat effects on assemblage diversity

Patterns of biodiversity are influenced by habitat features at multiple spatial scales, yet few studies have used a multi-scale approach to examine ground-dwelling beetle diversity patterns. We trapped and quantified ground-dwelling beetle assemblages at two spatial scales: (1) microhabitat elements, represented by open ground, ground under trees and ground next to logs and (2) macrohabitat, represented by three vegetation types in a box-gum grassy woodland in south-eastern Australia. Species richness and evenness was highest at samples from under trees and lowest at samples in the open. At the macrohabitat scale, species richness and evenness did not differ among vegetation types. Assemblage composition was significantly different between trees, logs and open elements. Assemblage composition was different only between vegetation types with contrasting high and low shrub cover. Estimation of true species richness indicated assemblages at logs may have a higher number of species compared to trees and open elements, and implied greater spatial heterogeneity in assemblages at logs. Significant spatial autocorrelation in beetle assemblages was detected for logs at up to 400 m, but not for ground under trees or in the open. In agreement with previous studies, a mix of vegetation types at the macrohabitat scale is important for beetle conservation. Assemblage composition, however, appears to be more closely linked with habitat elements at the microhabitat scale, where logs support a high diversity of beetle species. This strongly supports the idea that restoring logs to box-gum grassy woodlands would be useful for increasing beetle species richness and assemblage heterogeneity.     

Models to predict time since death of Picea abies Snags

Number of years since death was estimated by dendrochronological cross-dating of 107 standing dead trees (snags) of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] in a submountainous old-growth forest in south–central Norway. Snag characteristics (size, bark cover, branch order present and variables derived from tree-ring analyses) were used in stepwise linear regression procedures to identify variables that explained time since death. Number of branch orders present (where branches growing directly on the stem were branch order 1, branches growing on order 1 branches were order 2, and so on) explained two-thirds of the variation in time since death. Adding other significant variables, such as diameter, relative height of snags, percentage bark cover and average tree-ring width in the final years before death, increased model precision only moderately. The models were validated by the PRESS statistic, which showed that new observations were predicted fairly well with 65–69% of the variation explained.     

Effects of management on coarse woody debris volume and composition in boreal forests in northern Sweden

Forest management practices have led to a reduction in the volume and a change in the composition of coarse woody debris (CWD) in many forest types. This study compared CWD volume and composition in reserves and two types of managed forest in the central boreal zone of Sweden. Ten areas were surveyed, each containing clear-cut, mature managed and old-growth stands, to determine the volume of standing and lying CWD in terms of species composition, decay class and size class. Volumes of CWD on clear-cuts and in mature managed forests were high compared with previous studies. Old-growth forests (72.6 m³ ha^?1) contained a greater volume of CWD than mature managed forests (23.3 m³ ha^?1) and clear-cuts (13.6 m³ ha^?1). Differences were greatest for the larger size classes and intermediate decay stages. Despite stand ages being up to 144 years, CWD volume and composition in managed forests was more similar to clear-cuts than to old-growth forests.     

Effects of forest-fuel harvesting on the amount of deadwood on clear-cuts

Forest residue left after clear-cutting is increasingly being used as biofuel in Sweden. Deadwood is an important habitat for many species and a crucial resource for forest biodiversity. On eight clear-cuts in eastern central Sweden, the amount of Picea abies (L.) Karst. deadwood left on the ground was compared with the amount collected in piles for fuelwood extraction. It was found that 65% of the volume, 77% of the surface area and 84% of the pieces of slash were to be extracted. In another study on 23 clear-cuts in the same region, it was found that 36% of the logs left outside piles after clear-cutting were later removed. These studies indicate that a considerable amount of potential substrate is lost during slash extraction.     

Assessing the extinction vulnerability of wood-inhabiting fungal species in fragmented northern Swedish boreal forests

Fragmentation of old-growth forests and greatly reduced amounts of coarse dead wood in managed forests threat the persistence of many saproxylic species in boreal Fennoscandia. Individual old-growth forest remnants may lose species over time as they pay off their extinction debt. We tested this by comparing the observed site occupancy of individual wood-inhabiting fungal species in isolated old-growth stands (i.e. woodland key habitats; WKHs) with statistical predictions of their occupancy assuming potential extinction debt had already been paid off. The occupancy of species was analysed in two sets of WKHs differing in time since isolation (i.e. recent and old isolates).Few species occurred more frequently than expected in WKHs. However, patterns across species and across all WKHs masked important differences among species in their risk of facing future extinction. The site occupancy decreased significantly between recent and old isolates for a group of annual, red-listed specialist fungal species, suggesting that an extinction debt in WKHs may exist among specific species confined to coarse dead wood and old-growth forest habitat. Generalist species that also occur in the surrounding matrix showed no negative trends, or actually increased in site occupancy, making future extinctions less likely. Thus, continuing loss of threatened species are likely if not preservation of WKHs are combined with other conservation efforts in managed forest landscapes. Natural forest landscapes may serve as important references when aiming to identify species in risk of future extinction but more detailed knowledge about the biology of the most vulnerable species is also required.     

泥石流预报中前期降水量与始发日降水量的权重关系——以云南省蒋家沟为例

利用云南省蒋家沟1995-1997年43场泥石流数据和降水资料,详细分析了泥石流暴发的前期降水与始发日降水的权重关系.研究发现,前期降水和始发日降水是泥石流启动的主要因素.依据它们之间不同的权重关系,将蒋家沟泥石流分为前期降水型、强降水型和特殊型3种形式.不同权重降水下的泥石流输沙与降水量之间均呈现出较好的相关性.从泥石流出现的规模和数量看,前期降水型泥石流是该地区的主要类型.     

云南蒋家沟泥石流成因及其防治措施探析

以云南蒋家沟泥石流为研究对象,通过分析其流域的自然地理环境特征和人类活动的影响,并结合泥石流发生的必要条件(地形坡降、水和松散固体物质),探讨了蒋家沟泥石流形成的原因,总结了泥石流灾害在蒋家沟流域的分布规律和特征,最后根据泥石流的危害性特点提出了相应的防治措施.